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By reviewing the relevant literature of ancient herbal works and modern codices， this paper sorted out the historical evolution and developmental venation of processing of Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma. On this basis， the modern research of processed products of Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma was used as the breakthrough point to analyze the literature in terms of processing technology， chemical composition changes and changes in pharmacological effects before and after processing. According to the research status of processing of Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma， some existing problems were analyzed in this paper， such as not many ancient processing methods used in modern time， lack of standardized research on processing technology. And saponins， polysaccharides， amino acids， flavonoids and other chemical components in Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma may change to different degrees before and after processing， which was the main reason for the difference of efficacy before and after processing. However， the current research on the pharmacological effects of Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma mainly focuses on raw products， resulting in a lack of in-depth research on the transformation mechanism of Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma in processing difference， and the scientific connotation of "Shengxiao Shubu" has not been clearly elaborated， which is not conducive to the standardized clinical use of drugs. Therefore， it is necessary to further analyze the material basis of Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma and its processed products， and to explore the change rule of chemical components before and after processing and its correlation with pharmacodynamic activity， so as to clarify the processing mechanism for providing scientific basis for its standardized processing， quality control and clinical rational use.
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Objective:To investigate the role and mechanism of microRNA-499 (miR-499) regulating α-myosin heavy chain (α-MHC) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC) gene axis in septic myocardial dysfunction (SMD) and its significance.Methods:Sixty healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into phosphate buffered saline (PBS) control group (PBS group), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced SMD model group (LPS group), miR-499 agonist pretreatment group (agomir+LPS group), and miR-499 inhibitor pretreatment group (antagomir+LPS group) by random number table, with 15 rats in each group. SMD rat model was reproduced by intraperitoneal injection of LPS 10 mg/kg. The PBS group was intraperitoneally injected with the same amount of PBS. The two pretreatment groups were injected with agomir 30 mg/kg or antagomir 80 mg/kg through the caudal vein for 3 days, once a day. PBS group and LPS group were not pretreated. Echocardiography was detected 5 hours after LPS injection, and relevant indexes were recorded. The expression of miR-499 in plasma and myocardial tissue was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Western blotting was used to detect the protein expressions of α-MHC and β-MHC in myocardial tissue. Plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), a marker of heart failure, was measured by electrochemiluminescence.Results:Compared with the PBS group, the rats in LPS group were depressed. Additionally, LPS down-regulated the level of miR-499 in plasma and myocardial tissue, decreased α-MHC expression in myocardial tissue and up-regulated the expression of β-MHC. Echocardiography showed that left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricle fractional shortening (LVFS), cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR) decreased by 49.1%, 59.2%, 48.8%, 39.4% and 15.9%, respectively, and the level of plasma NT-proBNP increased significantly in LPS group, indicating that LPS could induce cardiac dysfunction in rats. Compared with the LPS group, after pretreatment with agomir to overexpress the miR-499, LVEF and LVFS were significantly increased [LVEF: 0.662±0.020 vs. 0.323±0.024, LVFS: (36.16±1.43)% vs. (20.20±1.32)%, both P < 0.01], which suggested that the cardiac function of rats was improved in agomir+LPS group. At the same time, pretreatment with agomir significantly down-regulated the β-MHC protein expression (β-MHC/GAPDH: 0.74±0.04 vs. 2.97±0.34, P < 0.01), significantly up-regulated α-MHC protein expression (α-MHC/GAPDH: 1.59±0.05 vs. 0.74±0.14, P < 0.01), and significantly decreased the plasma NT-proBNP level (ng/L: 114.49±6.85 vs. 334.13±4.36, P < 0.01). After pretreatment with antagomir to inhibit the expression of miR-499, echocardiography showed that LVEF and LVFS were significantly lower than those in the LPS group [LVEF: 0.297±0.021 vs. 0.323±0.024, LVFS: (19.38±1.52)% vs. (21.20±1.32)%, both P < 0.01], which suggested that the cardiac function of rats was significantly inhibited. At the same time, pretreatment with antagomir significantly down-regulated α-MHC protein expression in myocardial tissue (α-MHC/GAPDH: 0.63±0.03 vs. 0.74±0.14, P < 0.01), significantly up-regulated β-MHC protein expression (β-MHC/GAPDH: 3.03±0.47 vs. 2.97±0.34, P < 0.01), and significantly increased the level of plasma NT-proBNP (ng/L: 373.91±4.23 vs. 334.13±4.36, P < 0.05). Conclusions:miR-499 could regulate the expression of α-MHC and β-MHC which improved cardiac dysfunction caused by sepsis. Targeted regulation of miR-499 expression may be an effective way to treat SMD.
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Objective To explore the effects of anti-tumor immunity induced by dendritic cells (DCs) vaccine pulsed with PEP3-KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) on induction of specific immunity against prostate cancers.Methods DCs were propagated from bone marrow of C57BL/6 mice in vitro with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-4 (IL-4).On day 5 of culture, DCs were harvested and incubated with PEP3-KLH or KLH.Then the DC vaccine was inoculated into C57BL/6 mice by subcutaneous injection for three times with an interval of two weeks.One week after the last vaccination, the levels of IL-2, IL-12, and interferon (IFN)-γwere measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit.The aforementioned immunized mice with DC vaccines were challenged with transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP)-C2 tumor cells, the tumor growth curve was drawn, and survival rate was checked and compared.The cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity induced by DCs was tested with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release method.The percentages of CD3 + , CD4+ ,or CD8 + T cells in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were determined with flow cytometry.Results PEP3-KLH-DC group stimulated the body and induced higher levels of secreted IL-2, IL-12, and IFN-γ compared to DCs control and KLH-DC groups (P ＜ 0.01).The tumor of mice vaccinated with PEP3-KLHDC grew significantly slower than that injected with DCs or KLH-DC (P ＜0.01).Compared to the others, the survival rate in PEP3-KLH-DC group raised remarkably (P ＜ 0.01).PEP3-KLH-DC group induced more outstanding specific CTL activities of killing tumor cells than DCs control group and KLH-DC group (P ＜ 0.01), and the cytotoxicities of TILs in PEP3-KLH-DC group was significantly enhanced (P ＜0.01).The percentages of CD3 + , CD4 + , or CD8 + T cells in TILs (40.9％, 34.1％) in PEP3-KLH-DC group were significantly higher than those in DC-KLH (27.3％, 5.2％) or DCs (26.2％, 5.1％) group.Conclusions PEP3-KLH-DC vaccine can inhibit effectively tumor growth, enhance long-term survival in mice,intensify the local immunologic function of tumor, and elicit and promote profound specific anti-prostate cancer cellular immune responses.
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Objective To investigate the nutritional risk,undemutrition,and nutrition support in inpatients with early and middle stage gastrointestinal cancer undergoing radical surgery in a tertiary hospital in Weifang,Shandong Province.Methods A total of 8390 inpatients who were treated in the departments of oncological surgery,enterohepatic surgery,and general surgery in our hospital were consecutively recorded from December 2010 to August 2011 and from November 2011 to October 2012.After 153 patients were excluded for hospital length of stay less than 24 hours,age less than 18 years old or more than 90 years old,obnubilation,and/or refusal to participate in the research,8237 patients were sampled.After patients who did not meet the scheduled diagnosis were excluded,300 pathology-confirmed patients with early or middle stage gastrointestinal cancer were enrolled.Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) was performed within the first 48 hours after admission and nutrition support was evaluated until the discharge.Results A total of 300 early and middle stage gastrointestinal cancer patients (141 cases of gastric cancer and 159 cases of colorectal carcinoma) who underwent radical surgery met the inclusion criteria.Among them 185 (61.7％) were at nutritional risk.The undernutrition rate was 12.3％ (37/300) if evaluated from the score of nutritional defect part of NRS 2002,and 10.0％ (20/300) if based on body mass index ＜18.5 kg/m2.Totally 165 patients (89.2％) at nutritional risk and 99 patients (86.1％) without nutritional risk received nutrition support.The average ratio of parenteral nutrition to enteral nutrition was 82:1.The intake of calories was (78.1±24.8) k1/(kg,d) [(18.6±5.9)kcal/(kg·d)] and that of nitrogen was (0.10±0.06) g/(kg · d),yielding a ratio of calories vs.nitrogen of (244 ± 164)∶1.Conclusions Inpatients with early and middle stage gastrointestinal cancer tend to have high nutritional risk.The undernutrition rate is 10％-12.3％ in this population.Meanwhile,the application of nutrition support should be further standardized,particularly for patients without nutritional risk.